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659 lines
48 KiB
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<title>Queries — CodeIgniter 3.1.4 documentation</title>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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</ul>
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</ul>
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<ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">Running Queries</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="section" id="queries">
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<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="query-basics">
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|
<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
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|
<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|
<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
|
|
type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><em>show your
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|
results</em></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
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|
returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
|
|
data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
|
|
this:</p>
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|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
|
|
<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|
<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the
|
|
$this->db->query() method. It DOES
|
|
NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
|
|
compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
|
|
submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
|
|
<p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns.
|
|
That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
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|
such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
|
|
should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
|
|
fetchable results.</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY'</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Success!"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
<span class="k">else</span>
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Query failed!"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></tt> function (for example) always
|
|
returns a resource on success, even for write type queries.
|
|
So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
|
|
<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
|
|
a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
|
|
the following:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically
|
|
without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'newprefix'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
|
|
<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
|
|
example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
|
|
automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an
|
|
identifier you can use:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition important">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
|
|
<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
|
|
quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it
|
|
is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
|
|
with unsanitized user data.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
|
|
have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
|
|
prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
|
|
<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
|
|
it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
|
|
this:</p>
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
|
|
that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
|
|
single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES("</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">")"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
|
|
it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above
|
|
function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES('"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"')"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when
|
|
strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
|
|
(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'20% raise'</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%"</span> <span class="o">.</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"%' ESCAPE '!'"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition important">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
|
|
<p class="last">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></tt> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
|
|
to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
|
|
method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
|
|
yourself, it cannot automatically add the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></tt>
|
|
condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
|
|
<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
|
|
put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
|
|
values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
|
|
<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
|
|
automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to
|
|
remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for
|
|
you.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
|
|
<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p><strong>$this->db->error();</strong></p>
|
|
<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method
|
|
will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick
|
|
example:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`'</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys 'code' and 'message'</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
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</div>
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